Meridional overturning streamfunction in sverdrups (Sv (10 6 m 3 s -1 ), with 2-Sv contour intervals) from the CMCC-ESM2 pre-industrial control simulation, highlighting the methodology for separating the AMOCs upwelling pathways. Streamfunctions are shown for the Atlantic ( a ) oceans north of 34.5° S (indicated by vertical dashed lines) . The 0-Sv streamline is marked by a solid black line. The coloured circles highlight the meridional overturning circulation strength at these locations.
