The shape of each point indicates the gender of the sample (women only, men only, and combined women and men). Light blue shading corresponds to the 95% UI incorporating between-study heterogeneity; dark blue shading corresponds to the 95% UI without between-study heterogeneity. The black vertical dashed lines reflect the null RR value (one), and the red vertical lines show the BPRF at the fifth quantile for these harmful riskoutcome associations. The black data points and horizontal lines each correspond to an effect size and 95% UI from the included study identified on the y axis. We included multiple observations from a single study when effects were reported by gender and health outcome (anxiety disorders and PTSD). Supplementary Table 1 contains more details on the observations included from each study.
