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Causal diagrams demonstrating the strength in impact according to Cohen’s d of the independent predictors (Pi) of financial burden (FB), localization (left), stage (middle), and T category (right) on FB, and of FB on the 15 quality of life (QoL) measures of the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaires. Strength of effects (visualized through the size of arrows) and significance levels (color-coded according to the legend provided at the bottom) demonstrate the impact of the causal path that FB affects QoL exceeding the effect of the 3 independent predictors (localization, UICC stage and T category) that rather represent confounders regarding their impact on FB

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