EMSA experiments are performed testing the binding of human SMAD1/3/4-MH1 domains to palindromic GC-SBE (pGC-SBE), non-palindromic GC-SBE (npGC-SBE), and SBE. Protein concentrations (M) are shown on top of the EMSA. Abbreviations for the DNA oligonucleotides and dsDNA sequence are shown above. Single and double SMAD-MH1 binding to dsDNA is indicated with black triangles. Double binding at saturating concentrations (above 1.3 M) can be the result of unspecific binding (representative blot).
