Single variant associations, labeled as chromosome:position:reference allele:effect allele (gene) (effect direction), and gene-level associations, labeled as gene (effect direction), with MASLD-related measurements ( A – B ) as well as outcomes and risk factors ( C – D ). Only associations with p < 0.05 are shown. For most phenotypes, associations represent a meta-analysis of results from UK Biobank, All of Us , and Bio Me . The color of each box indicates the effect size and direction ( Z score). Complete data are available in Additional file 1: Tables S9–S10. Single variants and genes negatively associated with predicted MASLD/PDFF. Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin
