The figure illustrates jinglejangle fallacies and the associated trade-off between minimizing jingle and jangle fallacies. Each point represents a scale, with its placement being determined by its similarity in the semantic space to other scales; convex-hull polygons are drawn around the points to represent the construct labels shared by a group of scales. The group of scales can be assigned labels either manually or in an automated fashion. Left: a labelling process may avoid jangle fallacies by giving all related scales the same construct label (construct A). In contrast, this may cause some unrelated scales that are distant in the similarity space to have the same label, thus creating one (or more) jingle fallacies (that is, red line). Right: a labelling process may avoid jingle fallacies by creating two (or more) semantically distinct labels (construct a and construct b) that maximize within-construct similarity for two groups of scales. However, this approach may lead to cases in which very similar scales have been assigned the two semantically distinct labels, thus creating a jangle fallacy (blue line).
