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Simplified trial timeline. Successful (yellow) and erroneous (red) performances from the pre-experiment were shown in the trial’s initial observation phase (lasting about 8 s) for all four players in random order. In the decision phase (lasting about 3 s), participants made one of three types of binary decision depending on the cued players (S versus O1 or O2; partner versus O1 or O2; or S + P versus O1 + O2 for group decisions). Self, partner and group decisions were equally frequent. In the example, the correct self decision is to indicate that the grey opponent performed better than oneself. Each trial comprised two subsequent decisions relating to the same observation phase.

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