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Mediation analysis of family environment in explaining the association of adolescent motherhood with externalizing problems in male offspring. MR, mean ratio; TE, total effect; CDE, controlled direct effect; PE, proportion eliminated. Other mediation analyses were presented in a similar way. Proportion eliminated = (MR TE - MR CDE )/(MR TE - 1), or (β TE - β CDE )/β TE . Proportion eliminated is only presented if the βs of CDE and PE were in the same direction. Cognitive function was measured by the NIH Toolbox. Autistic-like traits were measured by the SSRS. Emotional and behavioral problems were measured by the CBCL. Significant findings on PE were enboldened

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