Heatmap from Scientific Research

Summary of risk of bias assessment for all included studies. Beaton et al (2014)30and Zühlke et al (2016)31had a high risk of bias for patient selection due to their casecontrol designs. Chillo et al (2023)39and Ali et al (2024)32had an unclear risk of bias due to insufficient details on the expertise of health professionals performing auscultation. *Sum of true positives and false negatives. †Sum of true negatives and false positives.

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