Time-course of co-culture experiments demonstrating the aggregation level at indicated incubation times followed by a settling time of 5 min. The aggregation level is determined by the ratio of the co-cultures optical density at 600 nm (OD600) pre/post-vortex. The horizontal dotted line represents the value around which no aggregation occurs. In (A), (D), and (E), graphs show the mean, with error bars giving the standard deviation; circles represent data from three independent experiments. In dot plots, significant differences were determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukeys post hoc test (∗∗∗p< 0.001), andpvalues are provided in the source data file.