Illustration from Scientific Research

A graphical representation of the anatomical site of different futile cycles and its implication in physiology. Note that more than one futile cycle may be active in a given metabolically active organ (especially adipose, liver, and muscle). Futile cycles in the brain are the least studied, but ATPase and/or Ca2+cycling-based futile cycles potentially regulate several aspects of neurocognitive function. Please note that most of our current understanding of various futile cycles is derived from studies in rodent/mouse models. However, for better representation and context, we have tentatively mapped these cycles on the human system.

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