Median battery requirements by ship size, ship type and capacity tier. The capacity tiers—BESp100, BESp99, BESp95 and BESp90—represent the percentage of historical trips by ICE vessels that BESs can serve. As the BES capacity tier decreases, battery size decreases by an average of 67%, 86% and 92%, respectively. Within the BESp99 cohort, the most significant reduction in battery size is observed for passenger ships of 500–1,000 gross tonnage (GT), followed by inland and push tugs of 500–1,000 GT. Articulated tug barges (ATBs) of 500–1,000 GT exhibit the smallest reduction due to their unique trip characteristics and large share of energy-demanding trips.
