Schematic of DSP profiling. Surgically resected tumors (n = 45) were subjected to DSP profiling. Three cores per tumor were selected by experienced lung cancer pathologists to build tissue microarray (TMA). One patient with final pathology showing large cell carcinoma was excluded. A total of 245 ROIs with different pathological characteristics were selected for DSP staining and subsequent analysis. Serial sections of the TMA were run through GeoMx RNA (top) or GeoMx protein (bottom) assays. Both assays were readout using next-generation sequencing.