Time series of SSTs taken as the median in the upper 11 m of the water column. Solid grey line, SSTs from the BATS CTD profiles used in the study; solid red line, de-seasonalized SST data; dashed black line, linear regression applied to the entire de-seasonalized SST time series (1990–2022); dashed purple line, linear regression fitted to de-seasonalized SSTs to the end of 2010 (pre-2011 includes 1990–2010); dashed red line, linear regressions fitted to the de-seasonalized SSTs from 2011 to the end of 2022 (post 2011 includes 2011–2022). All trends were significant (Pearson correlation, P = 0). See Data analysis for extraction of the de-seasonalized data and for details on the linear trend analysis ( Methods ).
