Apparent Young’s moduli of the DNA microbeads and RO cells. Statistically significant differences were detected for 20 M and 25 M DNA microbeads (* P value 0.01), 20 M and 30 M DNA microbeads (** P value 0.001), 25 M and 30 M DNA microbeads (* P value 0.02) and 20 M DNA microbeads and RO cells (* P value 0.035). No statistically significant differences were detected for 30 M DNA microbeads and RO cells. Statistical significance was assessed using a linear mixed model without adjustments (R-lme4) as integrated in Shape-Out (version 2.10.0). Statistical significance was assessed via ANOVA test. For each dataset ( d – f ), the data distribution is shown as a violin plot, depicting the median (white circle) and mean value (black line). Box plots depict the 25–75% percentiles with a whisker length of 1.5 IQR, interquartile range.
