Line Plot from Scientific Research

The impacts of bio-based (green) and CO 2 -based (blue) HyFiT-20% fuel and diesel (black) are normalized to the environmental impacts of the BEV (orange). The impact categories on the x axis are sorted by the normalized impacts of the bio-based HyFiT fuel. Results are shown for the supply chains with electricity from wind power as a best-case proxy for a future low-carbon grid. The BEV’s battery capacity is varied to 200 kWh (+ symbol) and 300 kWh (x symbol), corresponding to driving ranges of 550 km and 850 km, respectively. Dotted curves are guides to the eye. Contribution and sensitivity analyses are in Supplementary Notes 18 – 22. HT nc, non-carcinogenic human toxicity; A, acidification; RU m, resource use of minerals and metals; E fw, freshwater eutrophication; HT c, carcinogenic human toxicity; PM, particulate matter; RU e, resource use of energy carriers; OD, ozone depletion; IR, ionizing radiation; CF, carbon footprint; ET, ecotoxicity; POF, photochemical ozone formation; E t, terrestrial eutrophication; WU, water use; E m, marine eutrophication; LU, land use.

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