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Systems under study are the HyFiT system (top), benchmark diesel system (middle) and benchmark BEV system (bottom). The functional unit for all three systems is the provision of 1 km of transportation in a van. In the HyFiT and benchmark diesel systems, the hybrid van has a battery with a capacity of 14 kWh in addition to its internal combustion engine. By contrast, in the benchmark BEV system, the fully electric van has a battery capacity of 153 kWh. Syngas for HyFiT fuel production is produced from biomass or CO 2 . Note that the battery is recharged by fuel combustion at the end of a hybrid vehicle’s test cycle, which is why electricity for battery charging is shown as a dashed arrow for the hybrid vans.

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