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Schematic diagram illustrating the origin and dynamics of mtDNA alterations across a lifetime. Heteroplasmic variants in the fertilized egg and somatically acquired postzygotic mutations undergo drift in somatic lineages. Mutation and turnover rates (mitotic and homeostatic turnover rates) are shown at the top right. Stars indicate PZ simple mutations. Bars on the left, middle and right depict clone-VAF distribution within the cell at different time points.

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