Proportional Venn diagram of the comparison of CandyCrunch and Glycoforest on the raw file JC_131210PMpx5.mzML (ref. 18 ), not used for training CandyCrunch but used for developing Glycoforest. Shown are topologies (Glycoforest does not output full structures) matching those of the human annotator for each model (see Supplementary Fig. 11 for detailed comparison). All masses shown are from reduced glycans. Glycans here and in the entire paper are drawn using GlycoDraw 45 according to the Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans (SNFG). Conv, convolutional layer; d , dilation; MO/GSL, milk oligosaccharides/glycosphingolipids; PGC, porous graphitized carbon chromatography; RT, retention time.