The squares are the reported prevalence ( n =627 in 1991–1992, and n =1151 in 2017) from Boullé et al. 16 , and the error bars are the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) around the prevalence. The epilepsy prevalence in 1991–92 was 6.4% (95% CI = 4.7–8.6%), and in 2017 it was 5.1% (95% CI = 4.0–6.6%). The grey line with black circles represents the OAE prevalence trend predicted by EPIONCHO-IBM for annual biting rate (ABR) = 41,922 bites/person/year; the grey shaded area indicates modelled uncertainty around OAE prevalence when simulating a minimum ABR = 14,000 and a maximum of 100,000 15 . All simulations were conducted with 300 model repeats. The solid black vertical line indicates the start of annual CDTI at 45% coverage; the vertical dashed line indicates the increase in coverage to 65% (of the total population). Therapeutic coverage levels are informed by Kamga et al. 19 .