Global direct radiative forcing relative to pre-industrial concentrations (1850) in response to changes in anthropogenic Nr inputs following SSP 5-8.5 scenarios. The net changes in radiative forcing are shown as solid orange lines. The dashed purple lines indicate no direct radiative forcing change relative to pre-industrial times. The error bars were calculated by the percentage ranges in direct radiative forcing derived from the historical estimates (Supplementary Information Section 1.3).
