The direct radiative forcing values are based on differences of sensitivity experiments between CTRL_2019 and No_agriNr or No_nonagriNr, respectively. The radiative forcing of aerosols is the sum of the direct radiative forcing contributed by ammonium, nitrate and sulfate aerosols. Uncertainty bars were derived from GEOS-Chem runs forced with ensemble mean +- 1 standard deviation in the NMIP2 ensemble and the associated sensitivities of radiative forcing to Nr changes (Supplementary Information Section 1.3 ).
