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Connectivity of the model’s three modules (γ1, α2 and α3) and nine neuron types. Kenyon cells (KC1 and KC2) convey olfactory signals to DANs and MBONs (Dγ1, PPL1-γ1pedc; Dα2, PPL1-α′2α2; Dα3, PPL1-α3; Mγ1, MBON-γ1pedc>α/β; Mα2, MBON-α2sc; Mα3, MBON-α3). DANs integrate input from a shock-sensing neuron (SN), olfactory input from KCs and feedback signals from MBONs. Co-activation of a KC and its postsynaptic DAN modifies the weight of the KC→MBON connection through anti-Hebbian plasticity ( b and Methods ). The Supplementary Information lists all model parameter values, obtained by global fits to 86 spike-rate measurements across learning (40 measurements for attractive odours and the relevant DANs and MBONs in Fig. 3e,f except for MBON-α3; 24 measurements for MBON-α3 in Fig. 4c,d ; and 22 measurements for aversive odours, comprising 6 in Fig. 2i for DANs and 16 in Extended Data Fig. 8b,c ).

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