Growth curves of Ty2 WT (black) and Ty2 Δ rfbE (blue) when exposed to 2.3 µg ml −1 protamine, with reads taken at OD 600 once every 10 min. For growth curve experiments ( g , h ), each point and error bar indicates the mean ± s.e.m. of OD 600 , derived from n = 4 ( g ) and n = 3 ( h ) biologically independent experiments.