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Interrelationship among LVDD-associated species, KOs concordantly associated with both species and metabolites, metabolites associated with incident LVDD. Edges represent the association coefficients among species, metabolites, and KOs, with those highlighted in red represented for positive association and blue for negative association. All association coefficients with FDR-q < 0.1 were derived from multivariable regression analyses (logistic model for binary outcomes and linear regression for continuous outcomes) with the adjustment of age, sex, study center, use of antibiotics or probiotics, education, annual household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity (METs), and AHEI2010

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