Relationships between the immediate effect of a disturbance on richness and a microbiome’s long-term recovery of composition vary among environments. Each point is a time series, colored by its environment. Immediate richness responses were calculated as the before-after effect of disturbance on log-transformed community richness (Fig. 3 a). Turnover rates were calculated as the modeled slope estimates of logit-transformed turnover over time. Error bars show the 95% CI for both metrics. Large points indicate the mean responses per environment