Observational and causal associations between traits and LTL. Estimates ( x -axis) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for traits ( y -axis) with at least one strictly significant ( p < 0.05/141 = 3.5e-4 ) association with LTL across the observational correlation (linear regression; beta ; black) and inverse-variance weighted (IVW) Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates of LTL on trait ( alpha ; red) and trait on LTL ( alpha ; blue) are shown. Strictly significant effects are shown as full circles; otherwise as empty circles. Traits are colored according to their MR effects, with red, blue, or purple indicating a significant LTL to trait, trait to LTL, or bidirectional effect. For diseases (*), one standard deviation ( SD ) change in LTL corresponds to one log (OR) change, implying a scale of SD_LTL / log (OR) for the effects of diseases on LTL, and log (OR) / SD_LTL for the effect of LTL on the disease, so that observational effects and MR effects are not directly comparable (Additional file 2 : Table S2)
