Data are adjusted ORs (95% CIs) adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes (for known diabetes only), rurality, epidemiological transition level, and level of education. Analyses for any diabetic retinopathy, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic macular oedema were done on a subset of participants as they included only gradable images (n=4350 for known diabetes and n=1783 for undiagnosed diabetes). Definitions for any vision impairment and blindness are based on US criteria. HbA1c=glycated haemeoglobin A1c. OR=odds ratio. Reference categories are defined as follows. *No. BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m2(normal). Systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure <140/90 mmHg. Random blood sugar concentration of <8.9 mmol/L. HbA1c<48 mmol/mol (<6.5%). Total cholesterol <5.18 mmol/L. High-density lipoprotein <1.5 mmol/L. Low-density lipoprotein <2.6 mg/dL. Triglycerides <1.7 mmol/L. Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio <4. Diet controlled. We did not analyse blindness in the undiagnosed diabetes group due to the small sample size.
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