GMSTs from blended OML and land 12 anomalies (this study dark red circles) and from blended HadSST4 and land temperatures 12 (orange circles), the latter relative to IPCC 1850-1900 pre-industrial period, which underestimates global warming by ~ 0.5 C. See refs. 11 , 12 , 13 and Supplementary Data for uncertainties.
