Left, with constitutive damage, the fraction of damaged components in a turnover system can be kept low rather than accumulate. N can convert to a damaged version N* with rate kdamN, and N and N* entities degrade with the same rate constant kdeg. Steady-state values for N and N* are Nss=beta kdeg+kdam and Nss*=beta kdam kdeg2+kdeg kdam. Values used: beta=4, kdam=0.005, kdeg=0.05. Right, the steady-state damaged fraction value depends on the turnover rate of the system, observed by scaling the production rate and the degradation rate constant with a turnover factor b from 0.5 to 10, with beta=4, kdam=0.01, and kdeg=0.05 values shown.
