National-level final-stage renewable energy EROI equivalent (average 2000–2020) to the average fossil fuel mix ( y axis) alongside the share of final energy consumption from fossil fuel origin in 2020 ( x axis). The solid line represents the lowest of the literature-sourced EROIs (from ref. 31 ) for solar photovoltaics (PV) (the value for wind power (12) is outside the scale of the graph). Median values for solar PV and wind power stand at 11.4 and 23.6, respectively, and are outside the scale of the graph. The size of the dots are a function of the share of each country’s global fossil fuel consumption. Calculations consist of a weighted average of fossil fuels used as fuels, electricity and heat. Republic of Congo, Uzbekistan and North Korea are outliers and outside the scale of the graph. EU27, European Union (27 members, excluding UK); OECD, Other members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
