Expression profiles of some major genes associated with the immune response in THP-1 cells transfected with LNPs encapsulating only S1 mRNA or both S1 mRNA and S1 protein at 24 h after transfection. The blue represents LNPs encapsulating only S1 mRNA, and the black represents VLSs. The data are shown as the means s.d. from three independent experiments ( n = 3). Significant differences were determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukeys post hoc test.
