Distributions of antibody responses stratified by HIV status (uninfected (U), exposed (E) or infected (I) at birth) at birth in Ugandan and South African individuals with differences tested between strata using the two-tailed Wilcoxon rank test. The exact P values for differences between ‘E’ and ‘I’ groups in Uganda for each vaccine are 1.0 × 10 − 4 (PT), 0.7 (FHA), 1.3 × 10 − 5 (PRN), 8.4 × 10 − 8 (DT), 8.5 × 10 − 5 (TT), 8.1 × 10 − 3 (Hib), 0.01 (Measles) and 1.2 × 10 − 4 (HBsAg). Numbers of individuals per group and log-transformed data distributions are available in Supplementary Table 14 . No adjustment for multiple testing was applied to any of the reported statistical associations. In the box plots, the center line represents the median, the box limits denote the upper and lower quartiles, and the whiskers are 1.5 times the interquartile range. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.
