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Chemogenetic activation of CALCA vagal neurons reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The levels of anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) in mice expressing hM3Dq ( n = 11 mice) and mCherry ( n = 9 mice) are shown. Blood samples were collected 2 h after LPS stimulation, and all animals were given CNO 1 h before injection of LPS. Values are mean ± s.e.m.; Mann–Whitney U -tests: P < 0.01 (IL-6), P = 0.001 (IL-1β) and P = 0.88 (IL-10).

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