Northern blot analysis of immunoprecipitated RNA from RNase R wild type (WT), HTH mutant (in which the first 70 amino acids of the protein are deleted), CSD2 mutant (ETRN147GSGS), RNB mutant (DRP518AAA) and a double CSD2/RNB mutant. The ratios of truncated (Tr.) and intact 16S rRNA are plotted. Data are mean ± s.e.m. A two-tailed t -test showed significance (P < 0.05) between the WT and HTH (P = 0.032) , WT and RNB (P = 0.018) and WT and CSD2/RNB (P = 0.02) mutants, and no significance between the WT and CSD2 mutants (P = 0.672). Data are from n = 3 biologically independent experiments. For gel source data, see Supplementary Fig. 1 .