Constitutive recognition of self-molecules allows CLRs to sense perturbation of homeostasis to lower the threshold of immune responses against self in the presence of altered, damaged, or dead cells. CLRs can promote dead cell-associated antigen (cross-) presentation and shape the development of adaptive immunity (including to cancer). Inflammation and adaptive immunity induced by self-recognizing CLRs can lead to additional beneficial outcomes, such as wound healing or tissue repair. Activation signals from CLRs and other receptors are balanced by inhibitory signals from inhibitory CLRs to prevent detrimental responses. However, dysregulated excessive or persistent activation signals from loss of inhibition or accumulation of stimulatory ligands can lead to immunopathology, including autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory diseases.
