The points represent the contributions of bird species with different gape widths (in mm). Each point (n = 23,570) represents an individual bird simulated in each landscape in each repetition. The forest cover of the landscapes is represented with colours. In the scatter plots, the points and lines are coloured from light green to dark blue (9–61% forest cover); in the box plots, the landscapes are grouped into low (light green, 0% to 30%), intermediate (green, 30% to 50%) and high (grey-blue, >50%) forest cover. The centre lines in the box plots show the median values, the box limits show the upper and lower quartiles, the whiskers represent 1.5× the interquartile range and the points represent the outliers.
