Schematic of the side view of a device’s bending behaviour (in blue colour) and a kinematic assessment model (in green colour) constructed on the basis of the constant-curvature approximation (left). The two extremities of the film together with a random point in between are selected to fit the bending angle ( α ), bending radius ( R ) and curvature ( κ ). Computer vision to track the time-variant deformation of an exampled device in response to the stimulation of square-wave voltages (middle and right). The thickness of PPy(DBS) is 13.4 µm.
