Electrophoretic mobility shift assay of RAD51 and RAD51(E59R) with the nucleosome. The binding reaction was conducted in the presence of AMP-PNP, and complex formation was analysed by non-denaturing 4% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining (left). Ratios of the RAD51 filament bound to the nucleosome (red rectangle on the right side of the gel) were estimated and are plotted against the RAD51 concentration (right). The average values of three independent experiments are shown (Supplementary Fig. 1k ). Data are mean s.d. ( n = 3 independent replicates). P values were obtained by two-sided Welch’s t -test. Asterisks indicate significance at P < 0.05.