Activity of lactase encapsulated in LIFT hydrogels after 1 h in male Sprague–Dawley rats. CaCO 3 was administered separately (LIFT + CaCO 3) or co-encapsulated (LIFT/CaCO 3). Absorbances were normalized by hydrogel mass. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, n = 5 rats per treatment.
