Evolution of bloodbrain barrier permeability in four phases of stroke and major pathophysiological processes in each phase. Early BBB disruption occurs in the hyperacute phase. The acute phase occurs thereafter, and neuroinflammation is a major factor in the development of injury. The subacute and chronic phases are characterized by repair processes, mainly angiogenesis and restoration of BBB. Reproduced with permission under a Creative Commons License from refs(37and39). Copyright 2020 and 2021 the Authors, published by Frontiers Media SA and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
