The model includes optimally fixed tilted photovoltaics (PV), single-axis tracking PV, and wind power as the sources of hourly feed-in electricity. Lithium-ion battery and H 2 -fuelled open cycle and combined cycle gas turbines (H 2 -OCGT, H 2 -CCGT) act as daily and seasonal power balancing technologies. The cluster of alkaline water electrolysers provides full range hourly flexibility. Prior to utilisation, the produced H 2 could be balanced via the H 2 compressor and storage system, namely underground pipes, man-made salt caverns, and lined rock caverns, depending on feasibility according to onsite geological formations. The byproduct O 2 of electrolysers is partly captured by O 2 processing unit (PU). The system includes both gaseous and liquid storage systems for O 2 and CO 2 balancing. In addition to electric steam boilers, a second power-to-steam system 75 is included to decouple steam generation from power consumption using very high temperature (VHT) heat storage. Storage units are also considered for balancing ammonia, chilled water, SCP, as well as low temperature (LT) and high temperature (HT) water supply and demand. comp compressor, liq liquefaction, regas regasification, UG underground.
