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Drosophila melanogaster encodes three cGAS-like receptors (cGLR1 cGLR3). cGLR1 and cGLR2 sense double-stranded RNA from viral infections and produce second messengers 3'2'-cGAMP and 2'3'-c-di-GMP, respectively. cGLR3 produces cyclic-di-nucleotides in cGLR1 and cGLR2 double knockout cells, although its activating ligand is unclear. These second messengers bind to and activate the downstream effector protein STING. STING, in turn, activates IKK, leading to the activation of Relish, a homolog of NF-. STING activation can also induce autophagy.

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