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Schematic representations of the load-and-fail mechanism (a) and the differential-transmission mechanism (b). The formation of molecular clutches results in transmission of the force generated by myosin II motors to the substrate, causing its deformation. In the load-and-fail mechanism, when the increasing tension of molecular clutches reaches a certain value, the molecular clutches dissociate in a highly cooperative manner as a result of their high rigidity, which is usually used in conventional molecular-clutch models (a).

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