The effects of excluding Russian research stations (red boxes on the maps) from the INTERACT network with respect to eight ecosystem variables (air temperature, total precipitation, snow depth, soil moisture, vegetation biomass, soil carbon, net primary productivity and heterotrophic respiration). Maps visualize contemporary conditions above 59 N. For each variable, the potential biases of INTERACT with respect to the conditions in the pan-Arctic domain are depicted by two sets of box plots: [A] and [B]. [A] shows the maximum deviation ( D values) between two cumulative distribution functions (INTERACT with (I) or without (I WR ) Russian stations) versus the contemporary pan-Arctic domain. The maximum deviation between the contemporary versus end-of-the-century pan-Arctic domain is shown by the horizontal grey bars, with the lighter and darker colours representing the median and the 25-75% and 2.5-97.5% confidence intervals, respectively. [B] displays the quartiles 1 to 3 values for the ecosystem contemporary conditions of INTERACT with (black) and without (red) Russian stations as well as across the pan-Arctic domain (blue). Note that, for D values, both the eight ESMs and the resampling from the domain contribute to the variation, while variation for quartiles 1-3 is attributable to only the ESMs. All box plots show the median and interquartile range (IQR), with the upper and lower whiskers extending to the largest value 1.5 x IQR from the 75th percentile and the smallest values 1.5 x IQR from the 25th percentile, respectively. Outliers have been omitted to increase readability but are presented in Extended Data Fig. 1.
