Tumour in bladder without nanobots (same sample as Supplementary Fig. 5h-m ). Each tissue undergoes identical processing and visualization ( n = 1). Samples are imaged in autofluorescence and with V-LS (vertically-polarized light-sheet) and V-CAM (vertically-polarized detection) sLS. Left to right: single slice in mid-plane with autofluorescence (cyan) and processed mask (magenta) of internal tissue after removing internal lumen and digitally eroding an external layer of 500 m from the outer edge of the bladder; summed intensity of sLS signal inside the mask; single slice of sLS signal inside the mask; MIP of sLS signal inside the mask and two insets showing the same sLS signal with different look-up tables and intensity scales ( j ). Rows represent different animals and conditions. Scale bars, a , c , e , g , i , 1 mm; b , d , f , h , j insets, 200 m.